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An increasing number of in situ observations have reported that many predatory fishes adopt a vertical, head-up posture in the water column, ostensibly looking for prey outlined against downwelling light. This ventral lighting serves to obfuscate the silhouette of an organism when viewed from directly below. 4E) along their ventral (lower) margins, from which they produce light of the wavelengths and intensity of downwelling sunlight (usually blue). To counter this vulnerability, the vast majority of mesopelagic fishes, many shrimps, and even many squids bear bioluminescent photophores ( Fig. The bright silver reflection of these organisms when viewed from submersibles or in situ cameras is a function of artificial light introduced from the side, a phenomenon that does not occur in nature.Ī “flaw” in the mirrored camouflage technique is that is does not hide an animal when viewed from directly below. 4C) present a near vertical mirror in the water column-when viewed from almost any angle the reflected light is the color and intensity expected (lighter when viewed from below, darker when viewed from above). For example, hatchetfishes of the genus Argyropelecus ( Fig. The reflection of a mirrored surface, adopted by many mesopelagic fishes, is an effective way to blend in with the surroundings. There are various ways for organisms to “blend in” with their surroundings. All images courtesy of the DEEPEND research consortium ( ). (E) Ventral photophores (close-up of hatchetfish in C). As with many cases in the ecological arms race in the deep sea, transparent organisms can be detected by predators equipped with headlight photophores and/or specialized eyes attuned to scattered light ( Fig. No adult fishes are completely transparent, but many species whose body musculature is transparent “hide” their necessarily opaque parts (internal organs, eye retinae, prey in stomachs/intestines) with a silvery membrane invested with multilayered guanine crystals, meant to reflect the ambient water color. Transparency is common among larval fishes, with the leptocephali (larvae of eels, bonefishes, tarpons, and halosaurs) being prime examples. 4A), heteropod molluscs, arrow worms (Chaetognatha), certain amphipods, and a variety of decapod shrimps.
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Transparency is best achieved by the pelagic invertebrates exemplar organisms include gelatinous zooplankton ( Fig. Transparency is the extreme case, as it requires polarization of an organism׳s molecules as well as behavioral modifications to blend in. Transparency and “blending in” are common in the deep oceans.